SpecificityIn primary mouse neuron and glia cell culture, endogenous ubiquilin 2 appears as a weak band at 68 kDa in all tranduced and non-transduced cells, indicating low endogenous expression of mouse ubiquilin 2. Strong bands are seen in cells transduced with human wild type or mutant ubiquilin 2. Small proteins which run at 50 kDa in these cells are the fragments of ubiquilin 2. Note, ubiquilin 2 runs at ~66 kDa in human Hela cells and 68 kDa in rodent 3T3 cells. The antibody has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry.
Species ReactivityHuman, Mouse
Immunogen DescriptionRecombinant human ubiquilin 2 expressed and purified from E. coli.
Application DetailsWestern Blotting (WB) and Immunocytochemistry (ICC). A dilution of 1:1,000 - 1:2,000 is recommended for WB. A dilution of 1:500-1:1,000 is recommended for IC. Biosensis recommends optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
TargetUbiquilin 2
SpecificityIn primary mouse neuron and glia cell culture, endogenous ubiquilin 2 appears as a weak band at 68 kDa in all tranduced and non-transduced cells, indicating low endogenous expression of mouse ubiquilin 2. Strong bands are seen in cells transduced with human wild type or mutant ubiquilin 2. Small proteins which run at 50 kDa in these cells are the fragments of ubiquilin 2. Note, ubiquilin 2 runs at ~66 kDa in human Hela cells and 68 kDa in rodent 3T3 cells. The antibody has also been used successfully for immunocytochemistry.
Target Host SpeciesHuman
Species ReactivityHuman, Mouse
Antibody HostMouse
Antibody TypeMonoclonal
Antibody IsotypeIgG1
Clone Name6H9
ConjugateUnconjugated
Immunogen DescriptionRecombinant human ubiquilin 2 expressed and purified from E. coli.
Purity DescriptionIgG
FormatLyophilized from PBS buffer pH 7.2-7.6 with 0.1% trehalose, without preservatives
Reconstitution InstructionsSpin vial briefly before opening. Reconstitute in 100 uL sterile-filtered, ultrapure water. Centrifuge to remove any insoluble material.
Storage InstructionsAliquot and store at -20°C for up to six months after date of receipt. Avoid freeze-thaw cycles.
Batch NumberPlease see item label.
Expiration Date12 months after date of receipt (unopened vial).
Scientific BackgroundUbiquilin 2 (also known as PLIC2 and Chap1) is a member of the ubiquilin protein family, which regulate the degradation of cellular proteins through proteasome or autophage-like pathways (1, 2, 3). Humans have four ubiquilin genes, each encoding a separate protein referred to as Ubiquilin 1, 2, 3 and 4. All ubiquilins contain an N-terminal ubiquitin-like (UBL) domain and a C-terminal ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain, while the central part of the molecules are highly variable. The UBL domains bind subunits of the proteasome, and the UBA domains binds to polyubiquitin chains that are typically conjugated onto proteins marked for proteosomal degradation (1). Ubiquilin 2 has a unique region close to the C terminus containing 12 PXX tandem collagen like repeats, where P is proline and X is most cases valine, glycine, isoleucine or threonine. Teepu Siddique and his collaborators have identified mutations in the ubiquilin 2 gene leading to protein point mutations which were important contributors to several forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Interestingly, these mutations involved alterations in proline residues in the PXX repeat region (P497H, P497S, P506T, P509S and P525S, ref. 4). Recently, the Lee and Trojanowski group investigated C9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion and ubiquilin 2 pathology in patients with ALS and FTLD by genetic analysis and immunohistochemistry and found distinct ubiquilin 2 pathology in ALS and FTLD-TDP with C9orf72 expansion (5). C9orf72 hexonucleotide expansion is the most commmon cause to date of familial ALS and FTLD (6, 7). Ubiquilin 2 protein is of different molecular size in mouse and human, 638 and 624 amino acids respectively. As a result the mouse protein, endogenously expressed in rodent 3T3 cells, runs on SDS-PAGE and western blots slightly slower than the human protein.
Western blot analysis of untransfected primary mouse neuron and glia cell cultures (lane 1), the same cells transduced with human ubiquilin 2 wild type (lane 2), with ubiquilin 2 P506T mutant (lane 3), with ubiquilin 2 P497S mutant (lane 4), with enchanced GFP control (lane 5), in HeLa cells (lane 6) and 3T3 cells (lane 7).
HeLa cell cultures stained with M-1656-100 (green) and our chicken polyclonal antibody to vimentin: C-1409-50 (red). In most individual cells ubiquilin 2 is present diffusely in the cytoplasm of cells, though some cells show enrichment of the protein in spherical autophagosome-like structure.
Left: Analysis of ubiquilin 2 expression in NIH-3T3 cell culture by Immunocytochemistry. Cells were stained with mouse antibody to ubiquilin 2 (green, 1:1,000), and co-stained with chicken antibody to lamin A/C (C-1698-100, red, 1:5,000). Blue: DAPI nuclear stain. Cells were treated with 50 uM of chloroquine, an inhibitor of autophagy, for 16 hours prior to staining. The ubiquilin 2 antibody reveals punctate staining of ubiquilin 2 protein accumulated in lysosomes in the cytoplasm, while the lamin A/C antibody stains the nuclear lamina. Right: Western blot analysis of tissue and cell lysates using mouse antibody to ubiquilin 2 (green, 1:1,000). [1] protein standard, [2] NIH-3T3, [3] C6, [4] HEK293, [5] HeLa, [6] SH-SY5Y, [7] rat whole brain, and [8] mouse whole brain. The band at 65-70 kDa corresponds to ubiquilin 2 protein, which is known to differ between human and rodent species.
General ReferencesKleijnen MF, et al. The hPLIC proteins may provide a link between the ubiquitination machinery and the proteasome. Molec. Cell 6: 409-419 (2000). N'Diaye EN, et al. PLIC proteins or ubiquilins regulate autophagy-dependent cell survival during nutrient starvation. EMBO Rep. 10:173-9 (2009). Rothenberg C, Srinivasan D, Mah L, Kaushik S, Peterhoff CM, Ugolino J, Fang S, Cuervo AM, Nixon RA, Monteiro MJ. Ubiquilin functions in autophagy and is degraded by chaperone-mediated autophagy. Hum Mol Genet. Aug 15;19 (16): 3219-32. Epub Jun 7 (2010). Deng HX, et al. Mutations in UBQLN2 cause dominant X-linked juvenile and adult-onset ALS and ALS/dementia. Nature. 2011 Aug 21;477(7363):211-5. Brettschneider J, et al. Pattern of ubiquilin pathology in ALS and FTLD indicates presence of c9orf72 hexanucleotide expansion. Acta Neuropathol. 2012 Jun;123(6):825-396. Renton AE, Majounie E, Waite AA, et al. Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 is the cause of chromosome 9p21-linked ALS-FTD. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):257-687. DeJesus-Hernandez M, et al. Expanded GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in noncoding region of C9ORF72 causes chromosome 9p-linked FTD and ALS. Neuron. 2011 Oct 20;72(2):245-56
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